Effects of early management of Pinus massoniana plantation target trees on soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity北大核心CSCD

In order to provide a theoretical reference for the early management of target trees in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan, and a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations, we chose three different kinds of densities (100 target trees per hectare, 150 target trees per hectare, and 200 target trees per hectare) in a 33-year-old masson pine plantation in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan. We investigated the change patterns of soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity during the early stage of the management of the target trees. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), the early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees dramatically improved the soil physical properties, the pH value, contents of organic matter, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05); however, the available phosphorus and the available nitrogen varied slightly (P > 0.05). Compared to the control (CK), significant (P < 0.05) differences in the richness index were observed between shrubs and herbs (P < 0.05), and in the shrub layer, the dominant position was replaced by others. Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou indexes of shrubs showed no significant difference in the study (P > 0.05). On the contrary, Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou i ndexes of herbs were significantly lower than those for CK (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations between plant species diversity and soil physicochemical properties such as soil pH, contents of total phosphorus, and the available nitrogen. The early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees significantly improved the plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. Among all the three different treatments, the density of 150 target trees per hectare had the best effect on the soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effect of soil acidification on yield and quality of tea tree in tea plantations from Anxi county,Fujian Province北大核心CSCD

In order to investigate the effect of tea tree rhizosphere soil acidification on yield and quality of tea tree, the pH value, yield, and quality index of fresh tea leaves of different ages were analyzed, and the correlation between rhizosphere soil acidification and ages, yield, and quality index were studied from nine tea plantations in Anxi county, Fujian Province. The results showed that 37.67% of the nine soils were acidified, and 10.03% of them were suitable for planting tea tree. Furthermore, the results indicated that the age of tea tree was significantly and negatively correlated with the soil pH value, as shown by a decrease in soil pH values associated with an increase in tree age. In addition, the yield of spring and fall crops of tea from these nine plantations were all significantly and positively correlated with the pH value, with correlation coefficients distribution values of 0.912-0.952 and 0.898-0.973, respectively. In addition, quality indices, including polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine for the nine tea plantations were all significantly and positively correlated with their soil pH values, and their correlation coefficient distribution values were 0.897-0.959, 0.908-0.974, and 0.907-0.975, respectively. Above all, as tea tree ages increased, rhizosphere soil acidity was significantly increased, and yield and quality of tea presented a statistically significantly up/down trend. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

电捕焦油器的故障树分析

建立了以电捕焦油器火灾爆炸为顶上事件的故障树,分析了引发该事件的主要原因,并提出了相应的防范措施和改进措施。     

人-机-环境系统工程在井下运输安全中的应用

运用人-机-环境系统工程理论,对煤矿井下运输系统中的人、机、环境三大要素及其对运输事故的影响进行分析,尤其是对人为失误的原因及其控制,人的模糊可靠性,运输事故与人的因素的关系,事件树分析,事故树分析,灰色关联分析,模糊聚类分析以及灰色综合评判等进行了深入的研究,提出了相应的控制措施。     

ANAMMOX培养物中硫酸盐型氨氧化生物转化机制

厌氧条件下,ANAMMOX培养物中发生的硫酸盐型氨氧化（SRAO）现象被认为是由ANAMMOX细菌（AnAOB）介导的自养生物转化过程.在这个过程中,作为电子供体的氨被电子受体硫酸盐氧化.在某一些自然环境中观察到的氨与硫酸盐转化现象也被认为是由于上述生物转化作用而导致的.然而,在不同研究中,关于氨与硫酸盐的转化摩尔比（N/S）、硫酸盐还原的中间产物和最终产物的认定均有存在较大差异.因此,氨和硫酸盐在ANAMMOX培养物中的转化机制仍不明确.为探明ANAMMOX污泥中SRAO现象背后的基质转化途径,在不同厌氧状态（微氧：-100 mV < ORP < 0 mV,0.5 mg·L^-1 < DO < 1 mg·L^-1;缺氧：-300 mV < ORP < -100 mV,0.2 mg·L^-1 < DO < 0.5 mg·L^-1;厌氧：ORP < -300 mV,DO < 0.2 mg·L^-1）以及不同污泥组成（ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥）的条件下开展连续流实验和批次实验.结果表明,SRAO现象只能在缺氧条件且存在异养硫酸盐还原细菌（SRB）的混合污泥中发生;在ANAMMOX污泥中无论处于哪种厌氧状态,均不会发生SRAO现象.微生物群落变化与功能基因表达分析表明,ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥中均存在以Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira为主的携带amoA基因的氨氧化细菌（AOB）,可将氨氧化生成亚硝酸盐,为AnAOB代谢提供底物.Desulfomicrobium、Desulfovibrio以及Desulfonatronum等携带apsA基因的SRB只存在于混合污泥中,它们利用微生物衰亡释放的有机物将硫酸盐还原.AnAOB并不能以硫酸盐为电子受体氧化氨维持代谢.因此,在ANAMMOX污泥中观察到的SRAO现象（即氨与硫酸盐的同步转化）实际上是氨氧化、ANAMMOX和异养硫酸盐还原这3个过程联合的结果,上述生物转化过程分别由AOB、AnAOB和SRB完成.     

基于同位素示踪和分子生物学技术对潮白河沉积物中氮还原功能特征的研究

沉积物氮还原功能对于调控和管理河流氮负荷具有重要作用.本研究选取潮白河不同区域河段表层沉积物作为研究对象,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序和实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,研究了潮白河沉积物中氮还原过程（反硝化、厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,anammox）和DNRA过程（dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,异化硝酸盐还原为铵））速率特征、相关功能基因丰度和微生物群落结构特征.结果表明：潮白河沉积物潜在反硝化、anammox、DNRA和N₂O释放速率分别为（25.82±0.98）~（142.32±17.06）、（0.58±0.10）~（4.51±0.78）、（2.91±0.46）~（19.59±4.15）和（-1.09±0.17）~（3.30±0.57）nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N计,下同）.沉积物氮还原以反硝化过程为主（贡献率71.86%~91.65%）,DNRA也有较高的贡献率（7.03%~25.32%）,anammox过程贡献较小.相关分析表明,氮还原相关功能基因丰度与潮白河沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著正相关关系,微生物群落中α-变形菌纲、硝基螺旋菌纲、疣微菌纲、脱硫杆菌门、硬壁菌门丰度与沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著的相关关系.     

Effects of environment, vehicle and driver characteristics on risky driving behavior at work zones

This study aims to analyze the effects of environment, vehicle and driver characteristics on the risky driving behavior at work zones. A decision tree is developed using the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to graphically display the relationship between the risky driving behavior and its influencing factors. This approach could avoid the inherent problems occurred in the conventional logistic regression models and further improve the model prediction accuracy. Based on the Michigan M-94/I-94/I-94BL/I-94BR highway work zone driving behavior data, the decision tree comprising 33 leaf nodes is built. Bad weather, poor road and light conditions, partial/no access control, no traffic control devices, turning left/right and driving in an old vehicle are found to be associated with the risky driving behavior at work zones. The middle-aged drivers, who are going straight ahead in their vehicles with medium service time and equipped with an airbag system, are more likely to take risky behavior at lower work zone speed limits. Further, the middle-aged male drivers engage in risky driving behavior more frequently than the middle-aged female drivers. The number of lanes exhibits opposing effects on risky behavior under different traveling conditions. More specifically, the risky driving behavior is associated with the single-lane road under bad light or weather conditions while drivers are more likely to engage in risky behavior on the multi-lane road under good light conditions.     

HAZOP研究与故障树分析在合成氨装置危险辨识中的应用

合成氨装置的原料、产品危险性高,并且生产过程复杂,因此在运行过程中可能导致火灾、爆炸、中毒等事故,有些事故甚至给社会和环境造成严重破坏.对HAZOP研究与故障树分析进行组合,应用在合成氨装置的危险辨识中.通过HAZOP研究,合成氨主体装置共发现风险因素23项,其中合成氨装置的合成气压缩单元安全隐患较多,因此对其进行故障树分析,合成气压缩机单元火灾、爆炸故障树的最小割集为72个,最小径集为6个.从基本事件结构重要度结果来看,压缩机三级出口压力探测器( PIA3-2)故障,对压缩机发生火灾、爆炸的影响程度最大,应重点防范.     

安全系统的功能安全的发展及实施建议

安全系统的功能安全是基于整体安全生命周期的风险控制与管理,是安全管理学和安全监控技术的新发展。有效的开展功能安全相关工作是进一步落实科技兴安战略和预防为主方针的必然要求,对于减低安全生产事故风险,提高安全监控监管监察效能,缩小安全技术差距具有重要意义。实施功能安全相关工作需要各行业协调行动,从战略高度进行综合分析、宏观设计、统筹安排和合理规划。对功能安全研究与应用、安全生产法规标准、产业发展、科研试验、人才队伍等方面进行了探讨,在加大功能安全相关研发投入,增强科技扶持力度,提高功能安全准入门槛,建设功能安全认证服务机构,发展功能安全产业,培养功能安全专业人才等方面提出了相应的建议措施。     

南京和北京城市天然源挥发性有机物排放差异

以南京市和北京市优势树种为研究对象,利用森林资源清查数据、小时气象观测资料和G95光温模型算法对中国南北典型城市南京和北京地区2015年森林天然源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放总量进行估算.研究发现,南京市总BVOCs排放主要来自湿地松、栎树类和杨树,北京市主要优势树种BVOCs排放量最高的是栎树类、杨树和油松.从...